Qfyilyi

(this question was inspired by How can I generate a compilation error to prevent certain VALUE (not type) to go into the function?)

Let's say, we have a single-argument foo, semantically defined as

int foo(int arg) {

    int* parg;

    if (arg != 5) {

        parg = &arg;

    }



    return *parg;

}

The whole code above is used to illustrate a simple idea - function returns it's own argument unless the argument is equal to 5, in which case behavior is undefined.

Now, the challenge - modify the function in such a way, that if it's argument is known at compile time, a compiler diagnostic (warning or error) should be generated, and if not, behavior remains undefined in runtime. Solution could be compiler-dependent, as long as it is available in either one of the big 4 compilers.

Here are some potential routes which do not solve the problem:

• Making function a template which takes it's argument as a template parameter - this doesn't solve the problem because it makes function ineligible for run-time arguments


• Making function a constexpr - this doesn't solve the problem, because even when compilers see undefined behavior, they do not produce diagnostics in my tests - instead, gcc inserts ud2 instruction, which is not what I want.

I got error with constexpr when used in constant expression for:

constexpr int foo(int arg) {

    int* parg = nullptr;

    if (arg != 5) {

        parg = &arg;

    }

    return *parg;

}

Demo

We cannot know that argument value is known at compile type, but we can use type representing value with std::integral_constant

// alias to shorten name. 

template <int N>

using int_c = std::integral_constant<int, N>;

Possibly with UDL with operator "" _c to have 5_c, 42_c.

and then, add overload with that:

template <int N>

constexpr auto foo(int_c<N>) {

    return int_c<foo(N)>{};

}

So:

foo(int_c<42>{}); // OK

foo(int_c<5>{}); // Fail to compile



// and with previous constexpr:

foo(5); // Runtime error, No compile time diagnostic

constexpr auto r = foo(5); // Fail to compile

As I said, arguments are not known to be constant inside the function, and if_constexpr seems not possible in standard to allow dispatch, but some compiler provide built-in for that (__builtin_constant_p), so with MACRO, we can do the dispatch:

#define FOO(X) [&](){ 

    if constexpr (__builtin_constant_p(X)) {

        return foo(int_c<__builtin_constant_p (X) ? X : 0>{});

    } else {

        return foo(X); 

    } 

}()

Demo

Note: Cannot use foo(int_c<X>{}) directly, even in if constexpr, as there is still some syntax check.

It's not perfect and it requires us to use arguments in two different places, but it 'works':

template<int N = 0>

int foo(int arg = 0) {

    static_assert(N != 5, "N cannot be 5!");

    int* parg;

    if (arg != 5) {

        parg = &arg;

    }



    return *parg;

}

We can call it like so:

foo<5>();   // does not compile

foo(5);     // UB

foo<5>(5);  // does not compile

foo<5>(10); // does not compile

foo<10>(5); // UB

foo();      // fine

foo<10>();  // fine

foo(10);    // fine

gcc/clang/intel compilers support __builtin_constant_p, so you can use something like that:

template <int D>

int foo_ub(int arg) {

    static_assert(D != 5, "error");

    int* parg = nullptr;

    if (arg != 5) {

        parg = &arg;

    }



    return *parg;

}



#define foo(e) foo_ub< __builtin_constant_p(e) ? e : 0 >(e)

these statements produce compile time error:

• foo(5)


• foo(2+3)


• constexpr int i = 5; foo(i);

while all others - runtime segfault (or ub if no nullptr is used)